As we discuss in our report, Assemblies as a Tool for Just Democracy, different kind of assemblies including people’s movement assemblies, civic assemblies and governing-power assemblies are powerful tools for organizing and for increasing participation and accountability in governance. In addition to the report, case studies and two tools that we published—Initiating Community-Government Collaboration and Key Steps to Plan and Run an Assembly—many other organizations have published helpful guides, tools and cases studies on assemblies from other organizations. We link to a wealth of these resources below. Scroll down to browse them all, our use these links to jump to a specific category:

• How-to guides on movement assemblies
• How-to guides on civic assemblies
• On power (including Conceptualizing power and developing inside-outside strategies, Power mapping tools and Applying a power analysis to civic assemblies)
• Collections of case studies
• Practitioner networks
• Tools and guides for each phase of an assembly (including Foundational groundwork, Pre-assembly planning, Running the assembly: key phases, Running the assembly: key considerations, and After the assembly)

A. How-to guides on movement assemblies

• Project South’s People’s Movement Assembly Organizing Handbook provides concrete guidance on planning and implementation, roles, facilitation and documentation, as well as a sample agenda.
• Extinction Rebellion’s People’s Assemblies Manual defines people’s assemblies and offers a quick-start guide as well as strategic guidance on how to connect assemblies with direct actions and occupations.
• The Fearless Cities network’s book Fearless Cities: A Guide to the Global Municipalist Movement shares advice from organizers of people’s movement assemblies and governing-power assemblies across Spain, the U.S. and other countries on how to design and run assemblies to serve movement organizations’ larger goals.
• Global Assembly’s Community Assembly Toolkit, Facilitation Guide and other resources were designed for people who wanted to self-organize local shadow assemblies mirroring COP26’s formal deliberative process, but provide guidance useful to groups organizing movement assemblies in other contexts too.

B. How-to guides on civic assemblies

• DemocracyNext’s Assembling an Assembly Guide is an excellent handbook walking civic assembly planners from start to finish through the phases before, during and after an assembly. KNOCA (also this) Marcin Gerwin, MassLBP, newDemocracy, the OECD and RSA, Involve, Democratic Society and mySociety have also published step-by-step guides for planning and running civic assemblies. These guides are designed for civic assemblies, but much of their advice on what to do before, during and after an assembly is useful to assemblies of all kinds.
• For higher-level analysis comparing civic assemblies with alternative deliberative democracy models, the OECD’s “Eight ways to institutionalise deliberative democracy” and “Innovative Citizen Participation and New Democratic Institutions: Catching the Deliberative Wave” reports define civic assemblies alongside other deliberative democracy models, offer a graphic schematics of how they work, discuss institutionalizing assemblies in policy processes and share good-practice principles and guidance for designing deliberative processes. They also include case studies and lessons from civic assemblies in Europe, Canada and Australia.
• For shorter snapshots describing and illustrating how civic assemblies work, Involve’s webpage briefly defines civic assembly and lists some of their strengths and weaknesses, People Powered’s “How to Start a Climate Assembly” identifies key decisions to be made when considering starting an assembly and both Democracy Beyond Elections’ participatory policy-making infographic and Hester Street’s “Policy-Making by and for the People” map out a participatory policymaking process that assemblies can fit into.

C. On power

C1. Conceptualizing power and developing inside-outside strategies

• The Grassroots Power Project describes their theory of power on their website, and in their Governing Power report and toolkit, discuss how power operates across the electoral, legislative, administrative, judicial, worldview and economic arenas, and how movement organizations can strategize around how to build governing power across these spaces. They also share case studies of successful power-building, and in the toolkit provide strategy tools that organizers can work through.
• The USC Equity Research Institute’s report “Leading Locally: A Community Power-Building Approach to Structural Change” discusses why philanthropy and governments need to support community power-building in order to change policy outcomes and promote healthy communities. They share a collaborative governance framework for how communities can help set, achieve and govern policy agendas, and discuss needed changes in the institutions and cultures of governance.
• Health in Partnership’s resources on power-building include explanations of how power works and why community-power building and community-government collaboration are essential to successful public health efforts. They also provide concrete advice and tools for community organizations and staff in public agencies on how to build relationships, trust and alignment with each other, and how to plan and operationalize collaborative governance efforts successfully.
• In their book Civic Power: Rebuilding American democracy in an Era of Crisis and this shorter article summarizing it, K. Sabeel Rahman and Hollie Russon Gilman book provide an excellent look at how concentrated political and economic power warps governance and why intentional, institutionalized efforts to redress power imbalances are needed to advance equity and uphold democracy. Rahman has also published a number of other excellent articles and reports on power including Policymaking as Power-Building, Governing to Build Power and, with Jocelyn Simonson, The Institutional Design of Community Control. And in a law journal article, Rahman, Jedediah Britton-Purdy, David Singh Grewal and Amy Kapczynski argue for a turn from efficiency, neutrality and apolitical administration toward a focus in law and governance on power, equity and democracy.
• Archon Fung and Erik Olin Wright’s book Deepening Democracy calls for “empowered participatory governance” in which democracy is reoriented around a practical orientation, bottom-up participation and deliberative solution generation, all with an important role from different levels of government, and with space for both collaborative and adversarial countervailing power. 
• Some organizing groups that are highly critical of capitalism pursue a “dual power” or “municipalist” strategy in which they work to democratize politics and government and simultaneously work to build community-owned solidarity economy institutions. Erik Olin Wright, DSA’s Libertarian Socialist Caucus and Black Socialists in America all describe this approach, Cooperation Jackson and Barcelona en Comú are two prominent organizations whose dual-power approaches have inspired others and the Municipalism Learning Series’ Building Power in Place toolkit and workbook provides actionable frameworks and tools to help organizers think through a dual-power strategy. 
• The Transnational Institute’s report “Democratic and collective ownership of public goods and services: Exploring public-community collaborations” looks at how essential public goods like food, water, energy, care, housing and land development are governed, discussing the essential roles of government and of community-government collaboration and sharing case studies of effective community-government collaboration from several countries.

C2. Power mapping tools

• Eric Dirnbach’s summary of several power-mapping tools for organizers is a helpful starting point for choosing a power-mapping tool to use in strategic planning.
• Health in Partnership’s Activities to Deepen Your Power-Building Analysis is a toolkit designed to help government agencies identify power and who holds it in their spheres of work, and to strategize around what would be needed to leverage and redistribute power to create more equitable and healthy communities.
• Facilitating Power’s Spectrum of Community Engagement to Community Ownership is a great framework for assembly planners to assess how existing community engagement and collaborative governance efforts are working, and for visioning what kind of a role they would want an assembly to play in governance.
• The Municipalism Learning Series’ Building Power in Place toolkit and workbook provide strategy tools for organizers, including a helpful list in the toolkit of available power-mapping tools.
• John Gaventa’s power cube is a helpful tool for analyzing power along three dimensions: across the global, national and local levels; across visible, hidden and invisible forms of power; and, centrally to participatory governance, across closed, invited and claimed or created spaces for decision-making. Gaventa and the Institute of Development studies turned the power cube into an interactive website and toolkit to help people understand and analyze power, and apply their analysis to learning and facilitation, to research and to strategic planning and campaigns.

C3. Applying a power analysis to civic assemblies

• Claire Mellier and Rich Wilson from Iswe Foundation published articles with European Democracy Hub and Carnegie Europe that are hopeful about the prospects of civic assemblies, but wrestle with many assemblies’ lack of policy impacts to date. Mellier co-published a similar report and briefing evaluating the limited impact of climate assemblies with Stuart Capstick for the Centre for Climate Change and Social Transformations (CAST). All three authors call for deliberative democracy and civic assembly practitioners to incorporate power analysis into their work, and to embed civic assemblies within a larger ecosystem of participatory democracy and movement-building that makes space for both collaboration and contestation.
• Aishwarya Machani of Iswe Foundation’s article Designing Global Citizens’ Assemblies for Impact: Power Mapping of the United Nations System for the Global Citizens’ Assembly Network applies power analysis to the United Nations to evaluate potential strategies for promoting civic assemblies and other participatory democracy models in the UN’s governance and programs.
• Andreas Møller Mulvad’s and Benjamin Ask Popp-Madsen’s article Sortition-infused democracy: Empowering citizens in the age of climate emergency calls for looking at power, expertise and participation as three key foundations for successful climate assemblies.
• Elisa Minsart’s and Vincent Jacquet’s chapter, “The impact of citizens’ assemblies on policymaking: Approaches and methods,” in the De Gruyter Handbook of Ctiizen’s Assemblies, edited by Min Reuchamps, Julien Vrydagh and Yanina Welp

D. Collections of case studies

1. Partners for Dignity & Rights’ report “Assemblies as a Tool for Just Democracy” features case studies on Brazil’s National Public Policy Conferences, Health Councils and Participatory Pluriannual Plans; Bronxwide Plan; Brussels’ Agora Party and Citizens’ Assembly; Brussels’ Deliberative Committees; Jackson People’s Assembly; Madrid’s Decide Madrid Platform and City Observatory; Petaluma Fairgrounds Advisory Panel; Porto Alegre participatory budgeting assemblies; South Los Angeles Health and Human Rights Conferences; Washington State Community Assemblies; and Wisconsin Conservation Congress.
2. This OECD spreadsheet is perhaps the most comprehensive list of recent participatory democracy efforts around the world. The spreadsheet is searchable and sortable by categories geography, participatory model, role of government, role of community organizations, and many other variables.
3. Participedia is a wiki with many case studies of assemblies, especially civic assemblies, from around the world, and also includes entries on varying assembly models.
4. CRC 1265 maintains a database and map of mini-publics (including civic assemblies and smaller civic juries) around the world.
5. Latinno is a database of participatory democracy efforts across Latin America.
6. The International Observatory on Participatory Democracy (OIDP) has a crowed-sourced database of participatory democracy models from around the world, including dozens of civic assemblies.
7. Fearless Cities’ book Fearless Cities: A Guide to the Global Municipalist Movement shares case studies and lessons from people’s movement assemblies and governing-power assemblies in Barcelona and a half dozen smaller municipalities across Spain; Portland, Oregon, and Jackson, Mississippi, in the U.S.; Zagreb, Croatia’ Grenoble, France; Padua, Italy; and Syrian and Turkish Kurdistan.
8. ʻĀina Aloha Economic Futures ran online assemblies “to bring to life a resilient economy through our core value of ʻāina aloha—a deep and abiding love for Hawaiʻi’s communities and natural environments.”
9. Several organizations have case studies of civic assemblies across countries, including Healthy Democracy and the Center for New Democratic Processes in the U.S., MassLBP in Canada, newDemocracy in Australia, Sortition Foundation in the UK, FIDE in Europe and North America. KNOCA also has descriptions and evaluations of climate assemblies across Europe.
10. Although civic assemblies have been most widespread in Europe, the Americas and Australia, there have also been notable assemblies in Africa and Asia in recent years, including in East Africa; Kerala, India; Mozambique; and South Korea. Armenia’s Convention of the Future Armenian is noteworthy for taking on big national challenges, and the Constituent Assembly of the Democratic Federalism of Northern Syria, and the Kurdish community in Northern Syria formed a federated system of civic assemblies as a core form of governance for the Rojalva region.

E. Practitioner networks

• Movement assembly organizations converge in many networks and spaces including the World Social Forum, La Via Campesina, Southern Movement Assembly, Fearless Cities, It Takes Roots and the Poor People’s Campaign.
• Civic assembly networks include Democracy R&D, People Powered, the International Observatory on Participatory Democracy, Global Citizens’ Assembly Network and Assembling the Field. 

F. Tools and guides for each phase of an assembly

Here we identify four overall phases of planning and running an assembly—foundational groundwork, pre-assembly planning, running the assembly and after the assembly. For each of these phases, we break out key steps organizers may want to take, and provide links to guides, tools and other resources that may be helpful with each of these steps.

F1. Foundational groundwork

Laying foundational groundwork is fundamental preparation before beginning to plan the nuts and bolts of assembly. Laying this groundwork is not a linear step-by-step process, but an iterative and looping one. For clarity, we separate out areas of work, but these steps should be pursued in tandem.

F2. Pre-Assembly Planning

Once the foundational groundwork is in place to make sure you want to create an assembly and are ready to do so, organizers will want to move through a number of steps to plan their assembly.

Area of work	Useful tools and guides
Assemble a planning team: Invite key stakeholders, government staff, issue experts and/or participatory democracy practitioners to form a planning team to execute the assembly. If government officials commission the assembly, they should sit aside and allow the planning team to make its own decisions in planning and operating the assembly.	• DemocracyNext on setting up the team and Governance of a Citizens’ Assembly • Extinction Rebellion’s guidance on forming a coordination team, expert-and-stakeholder advisory board, expert-and-stakeholder content advisory team, facilitation team, and oversight panel • The Vermont Workers’ Center’s and Partners for Dignity & Rights’ Proposal for Public Participation in State Budget and Revenue Policy • André Passos Cordeiro’s chapter “Porto Alegre: The City Budget” in Iain Bruce’s book The Porto Alegre Alternative: Direct Democracy in Action • KNOCA on governance structures of a handful of climate assemblies in Europe • GloCAN on the importance of assembly governance and how to structure it • The COP26 General Assembly’s final report detailing (on page 36) its non-hierarchical, distributed staffing and leadership structure
Determine the size, duration and schedule: How many participants will there be, hours will the assembly meet, how much time between sessions is needed, and how will the assembly be scheduled to fit in with legislative, electoral or other schedules?	• DemocracyNext’s “How big and long should the Assembly be?” and Assembly timeline template • newDemocracy Foundation’s “How much time do people need for a public deliberation?”
Involve key community stakeholders: Who are the key community, labor, faith or other community stakeholders who should be consulted and involved in the process in some way?	• The OECD on why to involve stakeholders • DemocracyNext on winning over skeptical stakeholders • KNOCA on creating a stakeholder advisory group and a knowledge committee
Develop a rulebook to guide the process	• For examples, see the participatory budgeting rulebooks from New York City, Boston and Vallejo, California.
Contract with community groups for community-facing contributions like recruitment and public engagement	• Institutionalizing assemblies in movement-building and governance
Contract and procure service providers for contributions like facilitation, interpretation and childcare	• MassLBP on procurement • DemocracyNext’s Citizens’ Assembly: Request for Tenders
Accessibility and participant compensation: How can you make assembly participation as accessible as possible, especially to workers, caregivers, young people, people with disabilities, people who speak English as a second language and others who face barriers to political participation?	• DemocracyNext on accessibility including spacial considerations • DemocracyNext, Involve and Healthy Democracy on participant pay
Conduct outreach and select and onboard participants: What selection method will you use to choose who participates in the assembly, and what constituencies will participants be representative of?	• John S. Dryzek and Simon J. Niemeyer article on five differing principles for participant selection: random selection, demographic diversity, discursive diversity, developmental participation, and affectedness • On targeted recruitment, see Participatory Budgeting Project and the Washington Community Assemblies case study • On civic lotteries (or sortition), see DemocracyNext on lotteries and stratification, FIDE on organising a lottery including the under-represented and MassLBP’s How to Run a Civic Lottery Guide, and OECD on running a civic lottery. • On invitation letters to would-be participants, see DemocracyNext and MassLBP • On youth participation, see KNOCA on Children and Young People’s Participation in Climate Assemblies, the Barcelona youth assembly, the Lyon assembly for children and the Cordoba, Argentina, youth participatory budget
Establish metrics and data for evaluation	• DemocracyNext on preparing the evaluation • KNOCA’s impact evaluation framework • Public Agenda’s Participatory Governance Index toolkit • Tina Nabatchi’s A Manager’s Guide to Evaluate Citizen Participation • Community Tool Box on participatory evaluation
Plan documentation, communications and public engagement	• Zuzanna Nowak on communicating about citizens’ assemblies • Adrià Rodríguez and Alejandra Calvo on communication for municipalist transformation • GoVocal on how to create a communications plan for community engagement and building a culture of engagement • RSA, Involve, Democratic Society and mySociety on communicating the assembly while it’s happening and broadcasting from the assembly • Spitfire Strategies’ Smart Chart and Activation Point tools for developing strategic communications plans • Decidim’s and CONSUL’s free open-source digital participation platforms, or Consider.It’s paid platform • Participate Melbourne’s participation website
Plan the presentation of evidence, and identify, schedule and prepare speakers	• DemocracyNext on preparing learning and evidence • KNOCA’s Knowledge Curation in Climate Assemblies • newDemocracy’s Choosing Expert Speakers • Geoff Bates, Sarah Ayres, Andrew Barnfield, and Charles Larkin on including testimony from people with lived experience
Plan facilitation and activities	• DemocracyNext on facilitation • Seeds for Change on facilitating meetings • Nesta’s Collective Intelligence Design Playbook has lots of activities and worksheets for group brainstorming, deliberation, and decision-making.Involve on the ratio of facilitators to participants • European Alternatives on feminist techniques of trust building and facilitation and creative techniques
Schedule the daily agenda	• DemocracyNext’s sample five-day agenda • MosaicLab sample five-day agenda • Global Assembly’s sample 3-hour and 8-hour agendas (pages 18-20)
Prepare for risks and plan security: What sort of conflicts or problems could come up within the assembly that might get in the way of the process? What external opposition or roadblocks might be an issue? Plan for potential scenarios.	• Voltage Control’s conflict resolution techniques for facilitators • The Direct Action Movement on de-escalation tactics
Get feedback and do a trial run: Get feedback from stakeholders on your rulebook and plans, and do a small trial run of any components of the assembly you want to work through.	• Global Assembly’s description of its small-scale prototypes (pages 40 and 77)
Provide information to participants on what to expect: Provide participants with a welcome letter and information packet before the first assembly session.	• DemocracyNext on preparing participants • Melbourne and Byron, Australia, participant handbooks

F3. Running the Assembly: Key Phases

Running the assembly is of course the key phase where everything comes together. In this section we run through the key steps of running an assembly, and in the next section we offer key considerations to think through while you are running your assembly.

Area of work	Useful tools and guides
Opening: Welcome participants, get people comfortable, underline the purpose and framing question of the assembly, set the tone, establish shared ground rules, and clarify the purpose, goals and agenda of the full assembly process, and how the assembly will connect into government, policy processes or community organizing during and after the assembly ends. Build relationships between participants, get people comfortable, invite them to bring their whole selves—their life experiences, thoughts, values and feelings into the room.	• DemocracyNext on onboarding participants • European Alternatives on trust building
Training: Give participants guidance and tools to enable them to fully participate in the assembly process	• DemocracyNext on onboarding participants
Learning: Invite speakers with a range of perspective and expertise to present to participants on the assembly’s focus issue, present participants with written, visual, audio or other information on the topic, invite them to bring their own experiences and thinking into the learning process, and allow them to invite additional speakers to present and to request information from assembly planners and government	• DemocracyNext on facilitating learning and deliberation • Alliance for Useful Evidence’s best practices on presenting evidence • Involve’s principles for generative learning
Deliberation: Give assembly participants ample time to think through the issues together, weighing multiple considerations, and returning to the learning process if needed	• DemocracyNext on facilitating learning and deliberation • Involve’s principles for structured deliberation
Drafting recommendations: Invite assembly participants to brainstorm possible solutions, get feedback on the ideas from experts, and then adjust, prioritize and otherwise refine their list of working recommendations	• DemocracyNext on drafting recommendations and voting
Decision-making: Facilitate participants through making a joint a decision (by consensus, a supermajority vote, etc.) about what final set of recommendations	• DemocracyNext on drafting recommendations and voting • Global Assembly’s co-creation method and voting method (pages 102-105)
Deliver recommendations: Help the participants package their recommendations and any other information they want (guiding principles, alternatives they considered, etc.) into an official report, let them deliver this report directly to their audience and get an official response, and make the report publicly available.	• DemocracyNext on delivering recommendations

F4. Running the Assembly: Key Considerations

In addition to the key steps for running an assembly (in the previous section) these key considerations are important things to think through as you design and run your assembly.

Area of work	Useful tools and guides
Participant accessibility and support: What measures like compensation, child care, language interpretation, transportation and scheduling around work hours can you take to enable a diverse set of people to participate, including working people, caregivers, people who speak English as a second language, young people and people with disabilities? How will you support the emotional well-being of participants through the assembly process?	• Organizing Engagement on accessibility • DemocracyNext on accessibility including spacial considerations • DemocracyNext, Involve and Healthy Democracy on participant pay • Racial Equity Tools’ list of resources on language justice • Antena Aire on how to build language justice • European Alternatives on interpretation
Facilitation, activities and conflict management: Who will facilitate assembly sessions, what guidance will they have and how will they be recruited and trained? What kinds of activities will you build into each segment of the assembly to facilitate interactive learning and thinking and to accommodate multiple learning and processing styles? How will you address interpersonal conflicts that might arise in the assembly process?	• DemocracyNext on facilitation • Seeds for Change on facilitating meetings • Global Assembly’s facilitation guide and accompanying resources • European Alternatives on feminist techniques of trust building and facilitation • Nesta’s Collective Intelligence Design Playbook has lots of activities and worksheets for group brainstorming, deliberation, and decision-making • Involve on the ratio of facilitators to participants • Voltage Control’s conflict resolution techniques for facilitators
Sequencing: What order will you schedule activities in, will there be opportunities to loop back as additional information or questions come in, and will you leave time or optional add-on time?	• Brussels Deliberative Committee case study • DemocracyNext’s sample five-day agenda • MosaicLab sample five-day agenda • Global Assembly’s sample 3-hour and 8-hour agendas (pages 18-20)
Documentation and data collection: Based on your evaluation and communications plans, what data, media, notes and other information will you collect at assembly sessions?	• Global Assembly’s approach to training notetakers (pages 112-115) • Linda Smith on documenting the minutes at professional meetings
Observation: Who (government, researchers, journalists or others) will be invited to observe the assembly, and how will they be asked to engage and behave?	• “The roles of government staff and elected officials in assemblies” section in our report
Broader public engagement: How will you reach beyond assembly participants to educate and engage the broader public around the assembly before, during and after it happens?	• Adrià Rodríguez and Alejandra Calvo on communication for municipalist transformation
Digital engagement tools and tactics: What kinds of digital tools will you use in the assembly to facilitate learning, data collection and information processing, and outside the assembly to collect information from and communicate to stakeholders, officials and the public?	• People Powered’s Digital Engagement Guide • MySociety on digital tools for civic assemblies • Nesta on digital democracy tools • RadicalxChange Foundation on civic tech • UK Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs’s Open Policy Making Toolkit • Decidim’s and CONSUL’s free open-source digital participation platforms, or Consider.It’s paid platform“ • Integrating Artificial Intelligence into Citizens’ Assemblies: Benefits, Concerns and Future Pathways” in the Journal of Deliberative Democracy by Sammy McKinney

F5. After the Assembly

The work of an assembly does not end when the last assembly session closes. There are several important areas of work after the last session to continue the work of the assembly.

Area of work	Useful tools and guides
Evaluation and documentation: How will you evaluate the assembly process, its impacts and lessons learned? How will you share these findings, and with whom?	• DemocracyNext on preparing the evaluation • KNOCA’s impact evaluation framework • Public Agenda’s Participatory Governance Index toolkit • Tina Nabatchi’s A Manager’s Guide to Evaluate Citizen Participation • Community Tool Box on participatory evaluation
Public engagement: Based on your power mapping and communications plan, how will you use the assembly to move toward building broader public agreement and energy around the assembly and its recommendations?	• Adrià Rodríguez and Alejandra Calvo on communication for municipalist transformation • GoVocal on how to create a communications plan for community engagement and building a culture of engagement • RSA, Involve, Democratic Society and mySociety on communicating the assembly while it’s happening and broadcasting from the assembly • Spitfire Strategies’ Smart Chart and Activation Point tools for developing strategic communications plans • Decidim’s and CONSUL’s free open-source digital participation platforms, or Consider.It’s paid platform • Participate Melbourne’s participation website
Movement mobilization: How will you build public energy and momentum around the assembly and its recommendations among the public at large and among stakeholder organizations?	• The “Institutionalization in movement-building” section of our report • Marta Junqué, Caren Tepp and Mariano Fernández on organizing a municipalist platform: structure and confluence • Kate Shea Baird, Claudia Delso and Manuela Zechner on how to create a participatory municipalist candidacy
Policy decisions and implementation: How will you encourage government and relevant private institutions to act on the assembly’s recommendations, and how will they be held accountable over time? How will you keep assembly participants, stakeholders and the public engaged?	• KNOCA on effective follow-up to assemblies and helping participants stay engaged with policymaking after the last assembly session. • DemocracyNext and KNOCA on following up with assembly participants
Institutionalizing co-governance: Can you continue running assemblies and other collaborative governance efforts, can you further strengthen their design and operations and can you further institutionalize them in governance, policy processes and community organizing to deepen their impacts?	• Institutionalizing assemblies in movement-building and governance • DemocracyNext on institutionalization